Lowering the Chance of Oral Cancer and Recognizing Early Warning Signs
In a significant concern for public health, chewing areca nuts accounts for around half of Taiwan's reported oral cancer cases [1]. Additionally, certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly types 16 and 18, have been linked to increased oral cancer risk [2].
Fortunately, adopting a healthy lifestyle, receiving the HPV vaccination, and attending regular dental checkups collectively reduce the risk of developing oral cancer.
A healthy lifestyle involves avoiding tobacco (smoking and chewing) and limiting alcohol intake, as these substances contain carcinogens that directly damage oral cells and increase cancer risk [1][2][3][5]. Maintaining a nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains further supports overall oral and immune health, lowering the risk of oral cancer [1].
The HPV vaccination helps prevent HPV infection, thereby reducing the risk of oral cancer [2][4]. Regular dental checkups allow dentists to screen for early signs of oral cancer, such as sores, lumps, or mucosal changes, during routine visits. Early detection greatly improves treatment outcomes [2][3][4].
It's also crucial to be aware of the early symptoms of oral cancer. Persistent mouth sores, white or red patches on the gums, tongue, tonsils, or lining of the mouth, unexplained pain in the mouth, a lump in the mouth or throat, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness or voice changes, swelling, sore throat or the feeling of something stuck in the throat, numbness in the mouth, ear pain, changes in bite, loose teeth, unexplained weight loss, and symptoms lasting more than two weeks should be addressed by a healthcare professional [6].
In addition, tobacco smoke can damage cells in the mouth, throat, and other body parts, potentially leading to cancer [7]. HPV oropharyngeal cancers, affecting the back of the throat, are common in the United States [8]. Tobacco use increases the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a common type of oral cancer [9].
Lip cancers are more common among people who experience more sun exposure, such as those who work outdoors. To protect lips, use lip balms with sunscreen or wear a wide-brimmed hat when spending time outdoors, especially in sunny environments [10].
Quitting or never starting tobacco use can reduce the risk of oral cancer, even after years of heavy use [11]. Eating a balanced, healthy diet may help prevent oral cancer due to the micronutrients in certain fruits, vegetables, fish, and animal products, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-angiogenic properties [12].
Smokeless tobacco products may increase the risk of cancer in areas they contact, such as the lips, gums, and inner cheeks [13]. Measures such as avoiding tobacco and alcohol, getting an HPV vaccination, and eating a balanced, healthy diet may help people reduce their risk of oral cancer. Attending regular dental checkups and an awareness of risk factors and early symptoms may also help people to catch and treat oral cancer in the earliest stages.
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- A healthy diet can help protect against conditions like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.
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