Making legislations: a process explained

The Legislative Process in Germany: A Journey Through the National Council

In the heart of Germany's political landscape, the National Council plays a pivotal role in shaping laws and treaties. Here's a glimpse into the intricate process that governs this vital institution.

When a bill or a treaty is introduced, it is first referred to a committee for thorough examination and discussion. This committee, composed of members from various political groups, delves deep into the details of the proposed legislation. Amendments, discussions, and a report are all part of the committee process.

During committee proceedings, opposition and experts are given the floor to voice their opinions. Sub-committees may be formed to focus on specific aspects of the bill. Interestingly, these committee meetings can sometimes be held in private (In Camera) to maintain confidentiality.

Once the committee has completed its deliberations, the bill returns to the plenary for further discussions. At this stage, known as the Second Reading, the bill is scrutinised in the plenary, and changes can still be made if necessary.

Voting is an integral part of the legislative process, and it takes place during the plenary. Sometimes, voting is by name to ensure transparency and accountability. If the bill passes, it moves on to the Third Reading and enactment.

A unique case involves State Treaties, such as the State Treaty of Vienna in 1955. These treaties follow a slightly different path. The government concludes a treaty, and the National Council approves it. In some cases, the approval of the Federal Council is also required.

Rarely, the First Reading occurs, which is the initial presentation of the bill or treaty in the National Council. This is a formal procedure, setting the stage for the subsequent steps in the legislative process.

In the 20th Bundestag (2021–2025), the political group that introduced the most laws was the coalition consisting of SPD, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, and FDP until November 2024. This coalition's influence is a testament to the collaborative nature of the German political system.

Thus, the legislative process in Germany is a complex, yet orderly, system that ensures the fair and thorough examination of laws and treaties. It is a testament to the democratic values that underpin the German political system.