Mood Disorders: Dysthymia and Depression Compared

Mood Disorders: Dysthymia vs. Depression

Depressive disorders are common mental health conditions that can significantly impact a person's quality of life. Two of the most prevalent types of depressive disorders are Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

PDD, previously known as chronic depression, is an ongoing depressive disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). To receive a PDD diagnosis, an individual must experience a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than they feel well, for 2 years or more, and they also wouldn't have a symptom-free period lasting longer than 2 months throughout the 2-year time frame.

Symptoms of PDD can include lack of humor, persistent gloom, pessimism, passivity, lethargy, introversion, self-criticism, judgment, dissatisfaction, and these symptoms are present most of the time. Unlike other types of depressive disorders, PDD doesn't involve periods of typical, non-depressed moods.

In the United States, PDD affects an estimated number of adults and is diagnosed more often in women than men. The prevalence of PDD in Germany is estimated at about 1.5% of the population annually, with a slightly higher rate in women (1.8%) than in men (1.3%).

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

MDD, also known as clinical depression, is more severe than PDD but episodes of major depression don't typically last as long. For a diagnosis of MDD, at least five symptoms must be present, including depressed mood, loss of energy, loss of interest, sleep disruption, difficulty thinking or concentrating, appetite or weight changes, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, thoughts of suicide, and these symptoms must last for at least 2 weeks.

Symptoms of MDD may include prolonged depressed mood, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, unintended weight fluctuations, sleep changes, restlessness, psychomotor impairment, loss of interest or enjoyment in most activities, and thoughts of death or dying. MDD can become recurrent without treatment.

In the United States, MDD affects about 8.4% of U.S. adults and is also more commonly diagnosed in women than men. Researchers have noted several factors that could increase the chance of MDD becoming recurrent, including psychiatric history, family history, adverse life events, being unmarried, financial difficulties, problems with friends, and living with other mental health conditions.

Treatment Options

Both dysthymia (PDD) and major depression can interfere with work, school, and relationships and may lead to physical illness. If experiencing symptoms of either PDD or MDD, it's important to reach out for support and visit a doctor or mental health professional for a diagnosis and treatment options.

The treatments for MDD and PDD are similar and based on symptom severity. Psychotherapy often serves as the first-line treatment for mild depression, while medication and therapy are recommended for moderate depression. For severe symptoms, including suicidal thoughts, more intensive care may be needed to prevent a mental health crisis.

Therapy can work for mild to moderate depression in about 48% of cases, with the types of therapy included in the study being cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), behavioral activation, and interpersonal psychotherapy.

Resources for Mental Health Emergencies

In case of a mental health emergency, resources such as the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, Lifeline Chat, Crisis Text Line, Befrienders Worldwide, or Suicide Stop can be contacted. These services provide immediate help and support for individuals experiencing a mental health crisis.

In conclusion, understanding depressive disorders and their symptoms is crucial for early detection and effective treatment. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of PDD or MDD, seek help from a mental health professional as soon as possible.