Opioids' Impact on the Body: An Examination of Their Effects

Opioids Impact on the Human Body: An Examination of Opioid's Effects

Opioid use disorder, a pattern of opioid use that leads to problems or distress, is a serious public health issue. This condition arises when opioids, such as prescription painkillers or heroin, are misused, leading to dependence and addiction.

Opioids work by attaching to receptors in the brain and other parts of the body. This action triggers the brain to release dopamine, a neurotransmitter that blocks pain messages and induces feelings of pleasure. Over time, the brain becomes accustomed to this surge of dopamine, leading to tolerance, where more medication is required to achieve the same pain relief effect.

Two common medications used in the treatment of opioid use disorder are Methadone and Buprenorphine. Methadone, a long-acting opioid agonist, helps reduce the need for opioids and withdrawal symptoms, and also blocks the effects of other opioids. It is available as tablets or liquid and can only be prescribed at clinics licensed to treat opioid use disorder.

Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, performs a similar role in reducing opioid need and withdrawal symptoms. It is available in various forms, including tablets that dissolve under the tongue, films that dissolve under the tongue or inside the cheek, an injection, and an implant. However, it's important to note that Buprenorphine combined with naloxone should never be injected.

Naltrexone is another medication used in the treatment of opioid use disorder. It is an opioid blocker that prevents opioids from binding to receptors in the brain, thereby reducing the chances of experiencing a high. Naltrexone comes as a tablet and an extended-release injection, but only the injection is approved by the FDA for opioid use disorder.

It's essential to remember that opioid dependence can be treated effectively. Opioid agonist therapy, which replaces the abused opioid with a prescribed medication such as methadone, buprenorphine, or pharmaceutical heroin, is a key approach. This therapy helps prevent withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings without causing a strong high. Additional approaches include cognitive behavioral therapy and psychosocial support to address underlying trauma and distorted perceptions related to addiction.

Naloxone, while not a treatment for dependence itself, is used in emergency treatment of opioid overdose.

Withdrawal symptoms may occur when stopping opioids, including jittery feelings, anxiety, cramps, diarrhea, irritability, insomnia, sweating, and more. These symptoms can be managed through appropriate medical care and support.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) outlines criteria for diagnosing opioid use disorder. To make a diagnosis, at least two of the following symptoms must occur within a 12-month period: taking larger amounts of opioids, wanting to stop but not being able to, spending large amounts of time trying to get opioids, feeling the urge to take opioids, not being able to complete tasks due to opioid use, continuing to take opioids despite social or relationship challenges, giving up or cutting back on regular activities because of opioid use, continuing to take opioids when it's not safe to do so, continuing to take opioids knowing they cause physical or psychological challenges, showing signs of tolerance, showing signs of withdrawal when stopping opioids.

In conclusion, opioid use disorder is a treatable condition. With the right combination of medical treatment, therapy, and support, those struggling with this disorder can lead healthy, productive lives. If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use, seek help from a healthcare professional.