Strategies for Limiting the Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs): Measures for Reducing the Propagation of Prion Diseases

Prion diseases, such as variant CJD (vCJD), pose a significant threat to both human and animal health. These diseases can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of infected beef products contaminated with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE).

To combat this, strict regulations are in place in many countries. These regulations aim to monitor and control BSE in cattle, including banning the use of high-risk materials in animal feed, implementing surveillance programs, conducting thorough inspections and testing of beef products, and raising consumer awareness about the risks associated with consuming beef from regions with known BSE outbreaks.

For individuals with a family history of prion diseases, genetic testing can identify mutations in the PRNP gene. Genetic counseling can then inform at-risk individuals about their risk and guide them in decision-making regarding family planning and health surveillance.

Proper disposal methods, such as incineration or deep burial, are crucial for preventing environmental contamination with prions from infected animals.

TSEs can also be transmitted through surgical instruments contaminated with prion-infected tissues, blood transfusions, or organ transplants. To reduce this risk, strict screening protocols for blood and organ donations are in place, with individuals at higher risk of prion diseases being deferred from donating.

Specialized sterilization protocols, including high-temperature and high-pressure autoclaving and the use of single-use disposable instruments, are necessary for surgical instruments to effectively eliminate prions.

Ongoing research and collaboration among public health officials, researchers, and the community are vital for developing effective strategies to combat prion diseases and ensuring a safer future. This research includes investigations into prion diseases, their transmission, and potential therapeutic interventions.

It is important to note that prions are resistant to conventional methods of sterilization and disinfection, and they can persist in the environment, contaminating soil and water, which may pose a risk to wildlife and livestock.

Public health campaigns aimed at educating healthcare professionals, livestock producers, and the general public about TSEs and their transmission pathways are essential for prevention. For instance, Germany implemented special measures in 2023 to eliminate infection risks from transmissible spongiform encephalopathies through special autoclaving procedures and the use of single-use devices in surgical interventions.

Monitoring for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in deer and elk populations is crucial to prevent the spread of prions in wildlife. Continuous monitoring of prion diseases in both humans and animals can help identify outbreaks early.

Prions are infectious agents composed solely of protein, lacking nucleic acids. They induce misfolding in normal prion proteins, leading to the accumulation of pathogenic proteins in the brain.

By implementing strict regulations, enhancing awareness, and supporting ongoing research, we can minimise the risk of prion diseases and protect both human and animal health.